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	<title>Bits of Polish &#187; cases</title>
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	<link>http://bitsofpolish.net</link>
	<description>A blog for learners of Polish</description>
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			<item>
		<title>Write the date the Polish way</title>
		<link>http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/04/write-the-date-the-polish-way/</link>
		<comments>http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/04/write-the-date-the-polish-way/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Apr 2010 17:06:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Alicja</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Spelling and punctuation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cases]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[genitive]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[numerals]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[punctuation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[time]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/04/write-the-date-the-polish-way/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Maybe saying that there are as many date-writing conventions as countries in the world is a bold exaggeration, but it&#8217;s not that far from the truth. The Polish way of writing dates isn&#8217;t very different from how it&#8217;s done in the English-speaking world, but you might want to pay attention to some important details – [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Maybe saying that there are as many date-writing conventions as countries in the world is a bold exaggeration, but it&#8217;s not that far from the truth. The Polish way of writing dates isn&#8217;t very different from how it&#8217;s done in the English-speaking world, but you might want to pay attention to some important details – that is, if you really want to be fully correct. Not that all native speakers are, of course…</p>
<p>First of all, looking at Polish dates, you might have noticed the lonely <strong><em>r.</em></strong> that often appears after the year: <em>13.12.1987 r.</em> It&#8217;s an abbreviation of the word <strong>rok</strong>, meaning <em>year</em>. If you&#8217;re reading this aloud, though, you have to put this word in the Genitive case: <strong>roku.</strong> And yeah, there&#8217;s a full stop after the <strong>r.</strong> Don&#8217;t omit it.</p>
<p>Is this <strong>r.</strong> compulsory? No, but it&#8217;s very common, and many people put it there out of habit.</p>
<p>Secondly, brush up on your <strong>Roman numerals, </strong>as they are often used to write the month. For example, the previous example can be written as <em>13 XII 1987 r. </em>Again, this is mostly a matter of habit – I got used to it in school, for example – not something you have to do. This convention is very useful, though, since it obviates any ambiguity that can emerge if both the day and the month are written with Arabic numerals.</p>
<p>Thirdly, remember the punctuation – this is where many people make mistakes. You probably noticed the difference in the examples above. If you write everything with Arabic numerals, you put full stops after the day and the month. You don&#8217;t put them there if you&#8217;re using a Roman numeral (apart from the full stop after the <strong><em>r.</em></strong> of course).</p>
<p>Finally, if you&#8217;re familiar with the Polish <a href="http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/03/months-of-the-year/" target="_blank">months</a> and their declination, you can write out the month. Why do I mention declination? Because you have to put the month in the Genitive case. As for the punctuation, you don&#8217;t use full stops here either. For example:</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>10 stycznia 1999 r.<br />
</strong>10 I 1999 r.<br />
10.1.1999 r.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong>1 października 2004 r.</strong><br />
1 X 2004 r.<br />
1.10.2004 r.</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Days of the week</title>
		<link>http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/03/days-of-the-week/</link>
		<comments>http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/03/days-of-the-week/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 25 Mar 2010 06:24:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Alicja</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Vocabulary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[accusative]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cases]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[time]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bitsofpolish.net/?p=105</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[After learning the names of the months last time, it&#8217;s time for the days of the week. In the example sentences, they appear in their Accusative singular forms – that&#8217;s the form you use to talk about on which day something happens. Yes, it&#8217;s different from the Locative form used with months, and no, there&#8217;s [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>After learning the names of the months last time, it&#8217;s time for the days of the week. In the example sentences, they appear in their Accusative singular forms – that&#8217;s the form you use to talk about on which day something happens. Yes, it&#8217;s different from the Locative form used with months, and no, there&#8217;s no sensible rationale behind this. None that an average speaker knows of.</p>
<p>Notice that the days of the week, unlike in English, are not capitalized!</p>
<p>You&#8217;ll also notice that in the phrase <strong><em>we wtorek</em></strong>, the preposition <strong><em>w</em></strong> gets an extra letter. Why? Well, try to pronounce <em>*w wtorek</em>… There are two other instances where some speakers will add an <em>e</em> to the preposition: <strong><em>we środę</em></strong> and <strong><em>we czwartek</em></strong>. These forms appear probably as frequently as their equivalents with <strong><em>w</em></strong>, and are just as correct. So you can pick and choose ;)</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>poniedziałek</strong> – Monday<br />
<strong>W poniedziałek mam ważne spotkanie.<br />
</strong>On Monday I have an important meeting.</p>
<p><span id="more-105"></span></p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong>wtorek</strong> – Tuesday<br />
<strong>We wtorek idę do kina.<br />
</strong>On Tuesday I&#8217;m going to the cinema.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong>środa</strong> – Wednesday<br />
<strong>W środę muszę wykąpać kota.</strong><br />
On Wednesday I have to bathe the cat.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong>czwartek</strong> – Thursday<br />
<strong>W czwartek idę na zakupy.</strong><br />
On Thursday I go shopping.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong>piątek</strong> – Friday<br />
<strong>W piątek czytam cały wieczór.</strong><br />
On Friday I read the whole evening.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong>sobota</strong> – Saturday<br />
<strong>W sobotę uczę się polskiego.</strong><br />
On Saturday I study Polish.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong>niedziela</strong> – Sunday<br />
<strong>W niedzielę odpoczywam.</strong><br />
On Sunday I rest.</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Months of the year</title>
		<link>http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/03/months-of-the-year/</link>
		<comments>http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/03/months-of-the-year/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Mar 2010 04:14:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Alicja</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Vocabulary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cases]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[locative]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[numerals]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[time]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bitsofpolish.net/?p=101</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Polish is special among European languages in that it doesn&#8217;t use the Latinate names for months you&#8217;re already familiar with from English and many other languages, such as German, Spanish, Russian, etc. The Polish month names are, well, typically Polish – they originated from natural phenomenons. The word for July, for example – lipiec – [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Polish is special among European languages in that it doesn&#8217;t use the Latinate names for months you&#8217;re already familiar with from English and many other languages, such as German, Spanish, Russian, etc. The Polish month names are, well, typically Polish – they originated from natural phenomenons. The word for July, for example – <strong>lipiec</strong> – comes from the name for the linden tree, <strong>lipa</strong>, as this is the period when lindens are in bloom.</p>
<p>So, since the Polish month names are so special, there&#8217;s no choice but to learn them! Here are they listed both in their basic, Nominative singular, form, as well as in the Locative singular, which is the case you use to talk about in which month something took place. At the same time you can get familiar with ordinal numbers from one to twelve.</p>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">styczeń</span></strong> – January<br />
<strong>Styczeń to pierwszy miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
January is the first month of the year.<br />
<strong>W styczniu często pada śnieg.</strong><br />
It often snows in January.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">luty</span></strong> – February<br />
<strong>Luty to drugi miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
February is the second month of the year.<br />
<strong>W lutym jest bardzo zimno.</strong><br />
It&#8217;s very cold in February.</p>
<p><span id="more-101"></span></p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">marzec</span></strong> – March<br />
<strong>Marzec to trzeci miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
March is the third month of the year.<br />
<strong>W marcu rozpoczyna się wiosna.<br />
</strong>Spring begins in March.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">kwiecień</span></strong> – April<br />
<strong>Kwiecień to czwarty miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
April is the fourth month of the year.<br />
<strong>W kwietniu kwitną kwiaty.</strong><br />
Flowers bloom in April.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">maj</span></strong> – May<br />
<strong>Maj to piąty miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
May is the fifth month of the year.<br />
<strong>W maju jest Dzień Matki.</strong><br />
Mother&#8217;s Day is in May.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">czerwiec</span></strong> – June<br />
<strong>Czerwiec to szósty miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
June is the sixth month of the year.<br />
<strong>W czerwcu rozpoczyna się lato.</strong><br />
Summer begins in June.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">lipiec</span></strong> – July<br />
<strong>Lipiec to siódmy miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
July is the seventh month of the year.<br />
<strong>W lipcu uczniowie mają wakacje.</strong><br />
Pupils have holidays in July.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">sierpień</span></strong> &#8211; August<br />
<strong>Sierpień to ósmy miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
August is the eighth month of the year.<br />
<strong>W sierpniu jest bardzo gorąco.</strong><br />
It&#8217;s very hot in August.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">wrzesień</span></strong> &#8211; September<br />
<strong>Wrzesień to dziewiąty miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
September is the ninth month of the year.<br />
<strong>We wrześniu rozpoczyna się jesień.</strong><br />
Autumn begins in September.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">październik</span></strong> – October<br />
<strong>Październik to dziesiąty miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
October is the tenth month of the year.<br />
<strong>W październiku liście spadają z drzew.</strong><br />
Leaves fall off trees in October.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">listopad</span></strong> &#8211; November<br />
<strong>Listopad to jedenasty miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
November is the eleventh month of the year.<br />
<strong>W listopadzie często pada deszcz.</strong><br />
It often rains in November.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">grudzień</span></strong> – December<br />
<strong>Grudzień to dwunasty miesiąc roku.</strong><br />
December is the twelfth month of the year.<br />
<strong>W grudniu rozpoczyna się zima.</strong><br />
Winter begins in December.</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Cases in use: the delicious dative</title>
		<link>http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/03/cases-in-use-the-delicious-dative/</link>
		<comments>http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/03/cases-in-use-the-delicious-dative/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Mar 2010 04:55:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Alicja</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Grammar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cases]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dative]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bitsofpolish.net/?p=94</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Today we&#8217;ll look at some of the uses of the third case, the dative. Its main purpose is to serve as an indirect object, that is to indicate someone or something who&#8217;s a beneficiary of your action. It also appears in constructions with some certain verbs and prepositions.
As an indirect object &#8211; when someone is [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Today we&#8217;ll look at some of the uses of the third case, the dative. Its main purpose is to serve as an indirect object, that is to indicate someone or something who&#8217;s a beneficiary of your action. It also appears in constructions with some certain verbs and prepositions.</p>
<h4>As an indirect object &#8211; when someone is a beneficiary of your action</h4>
<blockquote><p><strong>Czytam <span style="text-decoration: underline;">dziecku</span> książkę.</strong><br />
I&#8217;m reading a book to the child.<br />
<strong>Opowiadam historię <span style="text-decoration: underline;">kobiecie</span>.</strong><br />
I&#8217;m telling the story to the woman.<br />
<strong>Daję <span style="text-decoration: underline;">kotu</span> tabletkę.</strong><br />
I&#8217;m giving a pill to the cat.<br />
<strong>Sprzedaję narkotyki <span style="text-decoration: underline;">małym dzieciom</span>.</strong><br />
I sell drugs to small children.</p></blockquote>
<p><span id="more-94"></span></p>
<h4>With certain verbs</h4>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">podobać</span></strong> się – to be pleasing to someone, to be liked (cf. Spanish <em>gustar</em>)<br />
<strong>Sukienka podoba się <span style="text-decoration: underline;">kobiecie</span>.</strong><br />
The woman likes the dress.<br />
<strong>Piosenka podoba się <span style="text-decoration: underline;">chłopcu</span>.</strong><br />
The boy likes the song.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">przyglądać</span></strong> się – to look at carefully, to watch<br />
<strong>Przyglądam się <span style="text-decoration: underline;">ptakom</span>.</strong><br />
I&#8217;m watching the birds.<br />
<strong>Nie przyglądaj się <span style="text-decoration: underline;">kotu</span>!</strong><br />
Don&#8217;t watch the cat!</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">przeszkadzać</span></strong> – to disturb<br />
<strong>Nie przeszkadzaj <span style="text-decoration: underline;">rodzicom</span>!</strong><br />
Don&#8217;t disturb your parents!<br />
<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kotu</span> nie przeszkadza głośna muzyka.</strong><br />
Loud music doesn&#8217;t disturb the cat.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">ufać</span></strong> – to trust<br />
<strong>Nie ufam <span style="text-decoration: underline;">kotom</span>.</strong><br />
I don&#8217;t trust cats.<br />
<strong>Czy ufasz <span style="text-decoration: underline;">politykom</span>?</strong><br />
Do you trust politicians?</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">pomagać</span></strong> – to help<br />
<strong>Pomagam <span style="text-decoration: underline;">babci</span> złapać kota.</strong><br />
I&#8217;m helping grandma catch the cat.<br />
<strong>Pomóż <span style="text-decoration: underline;">dziecku</span>!</strong><br />
Help the child!</p></blockquote>
<h4>With certain prepositions</h4>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">dzięki</span></strong> – thanks to<br />
<strong>Dzięki <span style="text-decoration: underline;">twojej pomocy</span> znalazłem pracę.<br />
</strong>Thanks to your help I found a job.<br />
<strong>Dzięki <span style="text-decoration: underline;">ciepłemu klimatowi</span> możemy tu uprawiać kukurydzę.</strong><br />
Thanks to the warm climate we can grow corn here.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>ku</strong></span> – towards<br />
<strong>Wzniósł oczy ku <span style="text-decoration: underline;">niebu</span>.</strong><br />
He turned his eyes towards the sky.<br />
<strong>Kobieta szła ku <span style="text-decoration: underline;">domowi</span>.</strong><br />
The woman walked towards home.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">przeciw</span></strong> – against<br />
<strong>Napisała krótki artykuł przeciw <span style="text-decoration: underline;">aborcji</span>.</strong><br />
She wrote a short article against abortion.<br />
<strong>Polityk był przeciw <span style="text-decoration: underline;">nowej</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">reformie</span>.</strong><br />
The politician was against the new reform.</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Cases in use: the joyful genitive</title>
		<link>http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/03/cases-in-use-the-joyful-genitive/</link>
		<comments>http://bitsofpolish.net/2010/03/cases-in-use-the-joyful-genitive/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 07 Mar 2010 05:10:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Alicja</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Grammar]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cases]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[genitive]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bitsofpolish.net/?p=87</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[When it comes to exploring the wonderful world of Polish cases, you have to find your way around two broad areas: how to decline the words – which boils down to memorizing the appropriate tables – and, more importantly, when to use which case. This is not always straightforward; for example, even if you know [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>When it comes to exploring the wonderful world of Polish cases, you have to find your way around two broad areas: how to decline the words – which boils down to memorizing the appropriate tables – and, more importantly, when to use which case. This is not always straightforward; for example, even if you know from other languages that the genitive expresses possesion, and that the accusative marks the direct object, you&#8217;ll still find Polish abounding with surprises. Certain verbs and prepositions take certain cases for no apparent reason (unless you have a PhD in the history of slavic languages, but then you&#8217;re not reading this – hopefully), so you&#8217;ll just have to suck it up.</p>
<p>That&#8217;s why I&#8217;ve decided to embark on this little quest to describe the use of cases. We&#8217;ll start today by looking at the genitive.</p>
<h4>Units of measure</h4>
<blockquote><p><strong>kawałek <span style="text-decoration: underline">chleba</span></strong>      <br />a piece of bread      <br /><strong>butelka <span style="text-decoration: underline">wody</span></strong>      <br />a bottle of water      <br /><strong>pół <span style="text-decoration: underline">roku</span></strong>      <br />half a year</p>
<p> <span id="more-87"></span>
</p>
</blockquote>
<h4>Possession and belonging</h4>
<blockquote><p><strong>zabawka <span style="text-decoration: underline">chłopca</span>        <br /></strong>the boy&#8217;s toy      <br /><strong>oczy <span style="text-decoration: underline">kobiety</span></strong>      <br />the woman&#8217;s eyes      <br /><strong>ogon <span style="text-decoration: underline">kota</span></strong>      <br />the cat&#8217;s tail</p>
</blockquote>
<h4>Direct object in negative sentences</h4>
<blockquote><p><strong>Nie czytam tej <span style="text-decoration: underline">książki</span>.</strong>      <br />I&#8217;m not reading this book.      <br /><strong>Nie mam <span style="text-decoration: underline">przyjaciół</span>.        <br /></strong>I don&#8217;t have friends.      <br /><strong>Nie lubimy <span style="text-decoration: underline">kawy</span>.        <br /></strong>We don&#8217;t like coffee.      <br /><strong>Nie otwieram <span style="text-decoration: underline">drzwi</span>.</strong>      <br />I&#8217;m not opening the door.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4>With certain verbs</h4>
<p>(Note that the genitive is used both in negative and positive sentences)</p>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">bać się</span></strong> – to be afraid of      <br /><strong>Boimy się <span style="text-decoration: underline">burzy</span>.</strong>      <br />We&#8217;re afraid of the storm.      <br /><strong>Nie bój się <span style="text-decoration: underline">psa</span>.</strong>      <br />Don&#8217;t be afraid of the dog.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">potrzebować</span></strong> – to need      <br /><strong>Potrzebuję <span style="text-decoration: underline">pomocy</span>.</strong>      <br />I need help.      <br /><strong>Nie potrzebujemy <span style="text-decoration: underline">pieniędzy</span>.</strong>      <br />We don&#8217;t need money.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">nienawidzić</span></strong> – to hate      <br /><strong>Nienawidzę <span style="text-decoration: underline">gramatyki</span>.</strong>      <br />I hate grammar.      <br /><strong>Nienawidzimy długich <span style="text-decoration: underline">lekcji</span>.</strong>      <br />We hate long lessons.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">uczyć się</span></strong> – to learn, to study      <br /><strong>Uczę się <span style="text-decoration: underline">polskiego</span>.</strong>      <br />I&#8217;m learning Polish.      <br /><strong>Nie uczymy się innych <span style="text-decoration: underline">języków</span>.</strong>      <br />We don&#8217;t study other languages.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">słuchać</span></strong> – to listen      <br /><strong>Słuchamy <span style="text-decoration: underline">muzyki</span>.</strong>      <br />We listen to music.      <br /><strong>Słucham <span style="text-decoration: underline">wykładu</span>.</strong>      <br />I&#8217;m listening to the lecture.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">szukać</span></strong> – to search, to look for      <br /><strong>Szukam nowej <span style="text-decoration: underline">pracy</span>.</strong>      <br />I&#8217;m searching for a new job.      <br /><strong>Szukamy <span style="text-decoration: underline">przyjaciół</span>.</strong>      <br />We&#8217;re looking for friends.</p>
</blockquote>
<h4>After certain prepositions</h4>
<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">bez</span></strong> – without      <br /><strong>kawa bez <span style="text-decoration: underline">mleka</span></strong>      <br />coffee without milk      <br /><strong>herbata bez <span style="text-decoration: underline">cukru</span></strong>      <br />tea without sugar      <br /><strong>dziecko bez <span style="text-decoration: underline">matki</span></strong>      <br />a child without a mother      <br /><strong>mężczyzna bez <span style="text-decoration: underline">nogi</span></strong>      <br />a man without a leg</p>
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<blockquote><p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline">z</span></strong> – from, out of      <br /><strong>Jestem z <span style="text-decoration: underline">Polski</span>.</strong>      <br />I&#8217;m from Poland.      <br /><strong>Mój brat wrócił z <span style="text-decoration: underline">Warszawy</span>.</strong>      <br />My brother came back from Warsaw.      <br /><strong>Stół zrobiony jest z <span style="text-decoration: underline">drewna</span>.</strong>      <br />The table is made out of wood.</p>
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<h4>With numbers 5 and above</h4>
<blockquote><p><strong>pięć <span style="text-decoration: underline">kobiet</span></strong>      <br />five women      <br /><strong>sześć <span style="text-decoration: underline">ptaków</span></strong>      <br />six birds      <br /><strong>sto <span style="text-decoration: underline">lat</span></strong>      <br />a hundred years      <br /><strong>dwieście <span style="text-decoration: underline">książek</span></strong>      <br />two hundred books</p>
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